Papal Bull

An official document issued by the Pope and sealed with a large round seal called a bulla .

Outpost

A station or post in a remote, sparsely populated area. A settlement on the frontier of civilisation. A military post away from the main army.

Open Range

A large area of unfenced land where livestock wander and graze.

Oflag

German prisoner of war camp for captured officers. The word oflag is an abbreviation of the German offizier stammlager.

Occupation/ To occupy

To take possession of and keep control over another's territory.

Norman

A descendant of the Scandinavian people that settled in Northern France in the tenth century, who conquered England in 1066.

Nissen Hut

A specially constructed building, of corrugated iron or steel in the shape of a half cylinder, used to house members of the armed forces or prisoners of war.

Nineteen Proposals

A set of proposals passed by the Long Parliament in 1642 that greatly reduced the King's powers and gave Parliament more control.

Nazi

A member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power in 1933 under Adolf Hitler.

Nationalism

Nationalism means being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of one's country. It is also the belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than together. In a country controlled by another, nationalism is the desire for independence.